The Most Addictive Drugs In The World & How to Know If You Are Addicted to One of Them

What you will learn

• Though addiction potential can vary, it’s generally agreed that the most addictive drugs include cocaine, heroin, alcohol, nicotine, and methamphetamine.
• Each of these drugs affects the body differently and comes with different side effects and risks.
• Addiction to any substance, no matter how potent, can be difficult to overcome.
• Addiction treatment is necessary to stop abusing drugs and live a healthier life.

There’s been a long-running debate about which substances are considered the most addictive. An addiction is a compulsive desire to seek out drugs and drug use that negatively impacts your life or relationships, but which drug causes addiction can be different for each person.

Based on research from the National Institutes of Health, about 10% of people in the US have a substance use disorder involving drugs or alcohol.[1] Because of their potency, some drugs have a higher potential for addiction with regular use.

What Is the Most Addictive Substance?

All drugs of abuse can become addictive, but some substances are generally considered the most addictive in the world:

Cocaine

Cocaine is a potent stimulant drug that comes from the coca plant in South America. Though cocaine was once used as a legitimate medication, it’s primarily manufactured and used illicitly. Cocaine comes in either a powder that’s snorted or injected, or crack, the rock crystal form that’s primarily smoked. Crack may be more addictive than powder cocaine, not because of its chemical makeup but because of the rapid onset of effects that occur with smoking.[2]

In either form, cocaine causes feelings of alertness and excitement that come on quickly and dissipate in a short time. It’s common for people to binge cocaine to maintain their high, particularly with crack, leading to a “crash” that causes intense cravings and depression.

Many people treat cocaine as a party drug that’s harmless with occasional use, but it’s extremely dangerous. In the short term, cocaine can cause physical reactions like dilated pupils, a high body temperature, an increased heart rate, and high blood pressure.[3]

Aside from the risk of addiction, cocaine can cause overdose and long-term health problems, including respiratory distress with smoking, asthma, infections and collapsed veins with injections, and nosebleeds or loss of smell with snorting.[4] Cocaine users who inject the drug may be at a higher risk of contracting diseases like hepatitis C and HIV.

Heroin

Heroin is a powerful opiate that activates the opioid receptors in the brain, flooding the brain with dopamine, blocking pain, and causing euphoria. The misuse of prescription opioid painkillers has increased opioid addiction, and heroin addiction is also on the rise as these people seek out cheaper and more accessible alternatives to these medications.[5] Some people consider heroin and other opiates the most addictive drugs known to man.

In the short term, heroin can have side effects like a heavy feeling in the arms and legs, dry mouth, warm skin, itching, upset stomach and vomiting, low appetite, and no pain. With regular use, heroin changes the way your brain works. It may cause strong feelings of sadness, insomnia, collapsed veins, infections in the heart lining and valves, skin infections, a higher chance of contracting bloodborne illnesses, liver and kidney disease, erectile dysfunction, mental illness, and lung diseases.[6]

According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), nearly a quarter of people who use heroin will develop an opioid use disorder.[7] Like cocaine, heroin causes a strong euphoria that encourages repeated use, quickly building tolerance and dependence. The withdrawal from heroin can be intense as well, making it more difficult for people to overcome the addiction.

Alcohol

Alcohol presents a unique addiction risk because it’s commonly used healthily and part of accepted social experiences in many cultures. Because of this, it can be difficult to find the line between healthy alcohol use and alcohol addiction.

Alcohol use disorder, the official term for alcohol addiction, is the most common type of substance use disorder. It’s legal and socially acceptable for people of legal drinking age, easy to access, cheap, and may be used responsibly by many people. Alcohol affects dopamine levels in the brain, making you feel good, but it depresses the central nervous system and slows your reflexes, motor skills, and cognition.

Over time, alcohol can have wide-reaching and severe health effects, including changes in mood and behavior, poor concentration, and poor motor skills.[8] There are risks to the heart and liver, including arrhythmia, stroke, high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy, fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.[9] Alcohol can cause the pancreas to produce toxic substances that can lead to pancreatitis, a dangerous inflammation that causes swelling and pain.[10]

When alcohol is used heavily, excessively, or in binge drinking patterns that are common among younger people, it can build tolerance and dependence quickly. It can be difficult to break the cycle of addiction to alcohol because it’s widely available and socially acceptable. Stopping alcohol use can be extremely challenging because the withdrawal syndrome is painful, intense, and sometimes includes life-threatening complications.

Nicotine

Though not often thought of as a drug, nicotine is one of the most addictive substances in the world. Smoking cigarettes was legally and socially acceptable for decades before the health risks were known, and it’s still a leading cause of preventable disease and death in the US.[11]

Though nicotine doesn’t impair you the way alcohol or some other drugs do, it still influences the brain’s reward center. It’s absorbed through the mouth, nose, lungs, and skin, elevating the mood. The effects start quickly after smoking and wear off in just a few hours, so it’s common for people to have another cigarette quickly. Eventually, they smoke multiple packs a day.

Because smoking leads to dependence quickly, nicotine is arguably the most addictive drug that’s legal and available, other than alcohol. Nicotine can be difficult to stop without help because of the strong effects of the drug and the intense withdrawal symptoms.

Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine, or meth, is a potent stimulant that’s primarily used illicitly. It comes in powder or crystal form (crystal meth), which can be smoked, snorted, or injected to bring on an intense euphoria. Meth is derived from amphetamine and increases focus, limits the need to sleep or eat, and causes intense pleasure.

Meth also has effects that can be uncomfortable or distressing, including rapid breathing, racing heart, chest pain, dry mouth, muscle tension, and elevated body temperature.[12] Once the effects of meth wear off, it can cause negative feelings that are just as intense as the euphoria, leading people to take more meth to make the feelings stop. This “comedown” can include hunger, headache, fatigue, depression, paranoia, and sadness.[13]

In the long term, meth can have serious and sometimes irreversible effects on your health.[14] It causes serious weight loss, dental problems, intense skin itching and sores, the feeling of bugs crawling under the skin, memory loss, and poor focus. Meth can permanently alter the brain’s dopamine system as well, potentially causing long-term problems with coordination and learning and increasing the risk of movement disorders like Parkinson’s.[15]

Like the other drugs on this list, meth tolerance and dependence occur quickly. People may use meth repeatedly to maintain their high, not only increasing the risk of addiction but increasing the chances of serious health effects.

Understanding Addiction

The official term for addiction is a substance use disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders subcategorizes substance use disorders by type, such as opioid use disorder, alcohol use disorder, or benzodiazepine use disorder, but they share similar criteria:[16]

• Taking the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended
• A persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to cut back on substance use
• Recurrent substance use that affects obligations at work, school, or home
• Continued substance use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems
• Tolerance, or a need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effects
• Strong desire to use the substance

Treatment for Substance Use Disorders

Some substances have intense withdrawal syndromes and cravings that make it difficult to overcome the addiction, such as alcohol and barbiturates, but this can occur with virtually any addictive substance. Addiction treatment addresses not only the withdrawal but the underlying causes of addiction that make it so difficult to abstain from drug use.

With many substances, treatment begins with a medical detox to manage withdrawal symptoms. This involves a medical team monitoring your health, minimizing your intense symptoms, and keeping you safe and comfortable.

Detox is an important step, but it’s not enough. After detox, it’s best to enter an addiction treatment program on an inpatient or outpatient basis to address the social, emotional, and psychological aspects of addiction and learn healthier habits. While treatment plans are tailored to your needs, they may involve counseling, behavioral therapies, and evidence-based treatments that are proven effective with specific substances, such as medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid addiction.

Get Help for Addiction

If you or a loved one is struggling with addiction, it’s important to get help as soon as possible. Many addictive substances can have serious health risks and consequences, including possible overdose or irreversible changes to the body and brain. The sooner you get help, the sooner you can be healthy.

Amanda is a prolific medical content writer specializing in eating disorders and addiction treatment. She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Purdue University with a B.S. in Social Work. Read more